Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning

Question: Portray about aggregate initiative in study hall, Importance of aggregate administration in the homeroom and Methods of utilization of aggregate authority in the study hall? Answer: Aggregate administration Conveys the capacities and forces from the person to a solitary gathering Means by which duty, responsibility and authority are extensively conveyed for making open doors for participating in administration Aggregate administration in study hall Most regarded part of educator preparing and the instructor understudy relationship Communitarian administration in the study hall helps in gainful and sound relational connections, and it offers a chance to discuss unmistakably with the educators From the viewpoint of the conduct of the educator, the understudies worth and trust the instructors. Significance of aggregate authority in the study hall Aggregate authority has progressively positive effect on the accomplishment of the understudies when contrasted with singular understudies All individuals having a relationship with high-performing schools have more effect on school choices than those with low-performing schools Instructive hypotheses supporting aggregate administration in the homeroom Self-sufficient learning hypothesis Transformative learning hypothesis Techniques for utilization of aggregate initiative in the study hall Four fundamental advances To prepare, plan, execute and support Assemble availability and establish the framework for future work that will be taken up in the study hall The educator talks with the understudies on the ideal points of instructing and the methods by which they can be accomplished The instructors and the understudies cooperate for transforming plans into the real world Supporting the authority needs systems to be taken in the mood for guaranteeing long haul sway. References Buehl, D,Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. in , fourth ed., , 2014. Gardner, J, J Gardner,Assessment and Learning. in , Sage, 2012.

Global Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Operation - Essay Example In addition, there might be contradictions between the nearby network and PPQ (Cateora and Graham 19). This is on the grounds that PPQ will present new representatives who will be joined by their relatives in the host outside nation. The host remote nation will encounter strain in its networks and social luxuries, for instance, schools. This is on the grounds that the networks and social conveniences where PPQ is arranged will encounter an upgrade in number of people to a great extent from PPQ. Additionally, the host remote nation will encounter issues related with the new quality of the dealings between representatives of PPQ and the current individuals of the area where PPQ has chosen to build up its stores to sell their items. It is basic that PPQ foresees any issues that may negatively affect the host remote nation and gadget methods of managing them before it begins its procedure of development. Question 2 International associations much of the time experience bottomless social issues when they broaden their exercises into assorted and new regions. At the point when an organization extends to new domains, its workers may experience issues managing customers who are from a various and diverse culture. There is the issue of social affectability which requires the representatives of the global organization to oblige the social acts of their customers. Moreover, laborers of global associations may confront challenges in conquering language hindrances in the new zones of activity (Cateora and Graham 122). These may represent a serious test to the capacity of laborers offering satisfactory and adequate types of assistance to the clients. People with an indistinguishable worth framework, religion, convictions, and language share a comparable culture. Thus, this is granted to each person in the social framework. In this way, laborers of global associations, who are not from a similar social framework as the clients, think that its hard to fathom the customers†™ social framework, consequently influencing the procedure of connection. Question 3 Diversity has become an amazingly fundamental subject in the worldwide field. Any proficient specialist or chief ought to know that the universe is diminishing in size because of chances and administrations encouraged by globalization. Creations, for instance, the web has made assorted variety an amazingly basic subject in the global field since it has made participating in business exercises in various pieces of the world less entangled, and exchange is capitalizing on the open doors brought about by being differing. Moreover, decent variety has made various monetary limitations that were in presence in the past to be destroyed as associations are endeavoring to take part in business exercises all finished and over the universe (Cateora and Graham 159). Likewise, decent variety has gotten a noteworthy subject in the worldwide field since individuals are moving from their local grounds to search f or business openings in different regions. This is obvious in zones, for instance, Europe and North America where there are people of blended lineages and races. Thusly, decent variety has empower people safeguard their unique personality while being a piece of various geographic districts. Question 4 There are various things that may occur if issues identifying with decent variety and multiculturalism are not focused on in a worldwide association. One, the global

Post-engagement, pre-Bahamas

Post-engagement, pre-Bahamas First, I want to thank everybody who left their good wishes with regard to our engagement. If you are a person who likes this sort of thing (which heaven knows I do!), feel free to check out my wedding folder Ive been saving pictures of things I like and sticking them in there for future reference. A cool thing that I find amusing We went over to the Museum of Science today to check out the reception site. Hanging in the space over the main entrance to the museum are the vehicles Daedalus (a human-powered plane) and Decavitator (a human-powered boat), which were both powered to world records (Daedalus and Decavitator) by MIT aero/astro professor Mark Drela. Professor Drela happens to be Adams academic advisor/friend/airplane-loving soulmate, and Adams planning to invite him to the wedding. Adam mentioned this to the MoS staff member responsible for renting the facilities, and she got really excited. Were inviting celebrities to our wedding! Sort of! Going on vaca Adam and I are going to the Bahamas tomorrow and staying there until Monday evening. Vacation! Im super-excited. I havent been to the beach since spring break of sophomore year (when I went to Jamaica with Rose 05 and Swapna 05), and I cant wait to lie on the beach and read science books and drink fruity drinks all day. Adam cant wait to visit the Nassau Pirate Museum. Eh, to each his own. Questions 1. Anonymous asked, Youd recommend taking chemistry rather than bio first term in general? If so, please explain. Yup. Almost everybody takes chemistry (whether 3.091, 5.111, or 5.112) first term, which means that youll be able to find more people to join your pset group. Comparatively fewer people take chemistry in the spring (only about 1/4 the number of people who take it in the fall), and those people are overwhelmingly people who failed it in the fall. Some courses at MIT have on terms and off terms intro chemistry is almost always taken in the fall, so the spring class is usually markedly less enjoyable, but intro biology is taken whenever it can be fit in, so the spring and fall classes are equally enjoyable. Furthermore, if youre planning to take further chemistry courses, taking 5.111/5.112 in the fall frees you up to take 5.12 in the spring, then 5.13 the next fall 5.13 is only offered in the fall, so if you want to take it your sophomore year, youd better take 5.111/2 fall of your freshman year. 2. Betty asked, Hey Mollie! Would you recommend taking 7.01x first year for premeds if there are other science GIRs to complete? Also, what are the differences between the intro bio courses? Thanks =] I would take 7.01x during the freshman year if youre planning to major in biology or in any other department which requires a lot of bio courses (such as BE or chemE with biotrack). Most biology-related majors take 7.03 in the fall of their sophomore years and 7.05 in the spring, so youll want to have 7.01x under your belt before taking those classes. I believe premeds generally want to finish the classes required for the MCAT by the end of sophomore year anyway. As for differences between biology classes, I think 7.012 (offered in the fall) and 7.013 (spring) are really quite similar, though I believe 7.013 has more of an emphasis on human disease and genetics than 7.012. The major differences between 7.012 and 7.013 are with the professors 7.012 is famously taught by Eric Lander and Bob Weinberg, while 7.013 is taught by Tyler Jacks (a very well-known cancer researcher) and Hazel Sive. I personally thought Jacks was wonderful and adorable, but everyone says Lander is outstanding too. More non-biology majors take 7.013 than 7.012, although Im not sure why. 7.014 is different from 7.013 and 7.012, as it emphasizes microorganisms, as well as big things like ecology and evolution, which most other MIT biology classes dont do. 3. anon asked, when do we register for P.E. classes? I want to take ice dancing :P The DAPER website says that registration will be August 30 to September 6 this year, and first quarter classes will run from September 11 to October 24. (PE classes last half a semester during term and all month during IAP.) Be sure to check this website between August 30 and September 6, as there is a PE lottery to enter to get your class. (Like most other MIT lotteries, its kind of just a suggestion if you miss the lottery, you can go to the first meeting of a class you like and usually get in. But space is more limited in PE classes, so its best to get lotteried in.) 4. Kelly asked, Hey Mollie, if it usually takes around five and a half years to get a PhD, do you know how MD/PhD programs work? Thanks. Usually MD/PhD candidates go to medical school for the first two years, do their PhD in four years, and finish medical school. (I have a flowchart on my Degrees in Biology PDF!) The way this works out is that MD/PhD candidates are generally given thesis projects that are more of a sure thing theyre not especially likely to get earth-shattering results from them, but theyre likely to be able to get through the PhD part with fewer snags than the average PhD-only candidate. Some MD/PhD programs work differently my friend Jen 06, for example, is picking a lab for her thesis before she starts medical school (shes up to her ears in zebrafish this summer!). But I think that just means shell hit the ground running on her thesis in two years when she starts the PhD part of her program.

Eating Disorders And The Body Image - 1573 Words

Millions of people struggle daily to maintain a perfect physical body image in hopes of receiving approval, love, and happiness. The need to maintain this perfect image is supported by society and the media with a mirage of messages that you can be happy if you obtain this perfect image. Society s ideals of what the human body should look like have caused numerous people to develop abnormal eating patterns in a contempt to conform and seek society s approval of their body image. An eating disorder is an ailment that causes severe imbalances to your diet habits that you use everyday, such as gluttonously overeating or not taking in a healthy amount of food. At first, a person with an eating disorder would eat a smaller or larger portion of food, but at some point, the drive to eat less or more becomes out of control. Researchers are finding that eating disorders are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors. Researchers are u sing the latest in technology and science to better understand eating disorders. One approach involves the study of human genes. Researchers are studying various combinations of genes to determine if any DNA variations are linked to the risk of developing eating disorders. Neuroimaging studies are also providing a better understanding of eating disorders and possible treatments. One study showed different patterns of brain activity between women with bulimia nervosa and healthy womenShow MoreRelatedBody Image And Eating Disorders1375 Words   |  6 PagesBody Image and Eating Disorders Females and males are both under pressure to conform to societies idea of beauty. Women feel pressure to be thin, big chested, while men feel the urge to be lean and muscular. Society portrays these images of thinness and muscularity through media, magazines, and even toys. These images can have an impact on peoples body images, which can lead to eating disorders such as Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa. Body Image is the way you see your body, and how you feelRead MoreBody Image And Eating Disorders Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectation, and yet our young women are expected to emulate this image. The result of such pressures can prove to be too much to handle and young women often resort to pathogenic dieting and experience body image and eating disorders. 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Children, starting at a young age, seeRead MoreEating Disorders and Negative Body Images662 Words   |  3 Pagesfaced with eating disorders and negative body images everywhere they go. Celebrities promote unrealistic standards and display what the â€Å"acceptable† body is. Because of our stick thin role models we hav e in the media today much of our society holds their own body image to the unobtainable standards of celebrities. People are bombarded with images of what’s â€Å"sexy† instead of what’s healthy (Helmich). In a world based around celebrities and media, shouldn’t they be promoting a healthy body image insteadRead MoreBody Image, Eating Disorders and Advertising3063 Words   |  13 PagesBody Image, Eating Disorders and Advertising Body Image, Eating Disorders and Advertising We have all heard, â€Å"you are what you eat†; however, and maybe more importantly, you want to be what you watch or read. How does today’s advertising impact on your body image? 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This brings into question wether it is in fact BN that is increasing, our awareness or the rising numbers of other comorbid disorders in Western societiesRead MoreTeen s Body Image And Eating Disorders996 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Girls’ Body Image and Eating Disorders In today’s society, many adolescent girls are dissatisfied with their body image due to comparing themselves to the media’s unrealistic ideal thin body. Since they grow up in a world filled with mass media such as television, films, magazines, movies, music, newspaper and the Internet, it is very easy to come across this ideal body image (Morris Katzman, 2003). As teen girls associate with this ideal thinness they tend to be dissatisfied with their

Origin of the Cold War Essay - 775 Words

After the Second World War America and the Soviet Union gained power in Europe. Though these to countries never fought one another, they waged a cold war of economic, military and ideological rivalry which last through the second half of the twentieth century. The origin of the Cold War began with the Russian Revolution in nineteen-seventeen, which created a Soviet Russia. The Soviet Russia did not have the same economic and ideological state as the United States. The Civil war in Russia in which Western powers unsuccessfully intervened, dedicated to the spreading of communism. This fueled an environment of mistrust and fear between Russia and the rest of Europe. The United States pursued a policy of isolationism; however the situation†¦show more content†¦The allies did liberated large parts of Western Europe and recreated democratic nations. This divide Europe into two blocks and each occupied by armies America and the Allies and in the east Russia. The United States wanted a democratic Europe and Russia wanting a communist Europe. The difference was added fear of the Soviet invasion in the West and Russians fear of the atomic bomb. There was also fear of economic collapse in the west versus fear of economic domination by the w est. This lead to the clash of ideologies; capitalism versus communist. The Soviet feared a rearmed Germany hostile to Russia. Churchill described the dividing the lines between East and West Germany as an Iron Curtain. With Europe firmly divided into communist and capitalist, Germany became the new battle ground. There was the Berlin Blockade this was aimed at bluffing the Allies into renegotiation the division of Germany in his favor. This act did work, the allies just called his bluff by flying over Russian airspace. Stalin did not retaliate and risk war. In nineteen-forty nine with the Berlin Blockade in full effect and the threat of conflict with Russia, the Western powers signed the NATO treaty creating a military alliance. When Russia detonated its first atomic weapon, America advantage of having war was over because the fears over the consequences of nuclear conflict. Later West Germany wasShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of Cold War1550 Words   |  7 PagesThis research looks at the origins of Cold war, the political, ideological and economical rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union. This research draws upon mostly primary sources including memoirs, interviews and scholarly studies of cold war era conflicts. Most research on this topic focuses on its connection to the famous events and upheavals, which shaped that era. â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an â€Å"Iron Curtain† has descended across the continent. 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The Cold War is unlike any other wars as there are no big battles but instead the two superpowers focus their competition on politics, economics, military, and ideological might. Since the Cold War is unique for the aforementioned reason, experts have long debatedRead MoreThe Origins Of The Cold War2356 Words   |  10 PagesHI742/HI747- The Cold War, 1941-1991 How Important were individual figures in the origins of the Cold War? The Cold War refers to a period post World War II characterised by a state of political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States both supported by their allies from the Eastern and Western blocs respectively. Despite this being such a pivotal point in modern history there is a lack of clarity stemming from much debate regarding the catalyst for the Cold War and the ‘start’Read MoreOrigins of the Cold War Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins of the Cold War The purpose of this paper is to explore the origins of the Cold War. To accomplish this exploration, the works of W.A. Williams, Robert Jervis, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. serves as the foundation. Before a closer examination of these works, a short explanation of the three common viewpoints regarding the study of the Cold War is warranted. These viewpoints are Attribution, Structural, and Misperception. With these viewpoints to guide the way, the above authorsRead MoreEssay on The Origins of the Cold War817 Words   |  4 PagesThe Origins of the Cold War The Cold War period from 1945 to 1985 was a result of distrust and misunderstanding between the USSR and the United States of America. This distrust never actually resulted any fighting between the two superpowers but they came very close to fighting on several occasions. The Cold War was a result of many different events and factors including the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Potsdam Conference of 1945, the differences between communismRead MoreOrigins of the Cold War Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesOrigins of the Cold War Revisionist historians tend to regard the outbreak of the Cold War as a result of American hostility or, at least , diplomatic incompetence, while the more traditional view lays the responsibility squarely at the feet of the Soviet Union. Assess the validity of each view. The Cold War,said to have lasted from the end of World War II to the dismantling of the Soviet Union in 1991, was one of the most significant political events of the 20th century. For nearlyRead MoreEssay about The Origins of the Cold War679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Origins of the Cold War The Cold War was a state of extreme hostility and confrontation but without direct militant action between the two world powers, the USSR and the USA. The USSR and the USA were originally wartime Allies during the Second World War; however a string of events and issues caused a built up of suspicion and distrust which finally escalated to what was known as the Cold War. The start of Cold War can be simply defined as the period of time wherebyRead More The Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Essay2691 Words   |  11 PagesThe Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War There have been many attempts to explain the origins of the Cold War that developed between the capitalist West and the communist East after the Second World War. Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historiansRead MoreThe United States And The Origins Of The Cold War1717 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Calvo AMH2042 23 July 2015 The United States and the Origins of the Cold War Essay Thinking about the decisions, strategies and goals of Soviet Union and the United States views on world domination and the possible accomplishment of such. The first and main would be to think and observe critically concerning the worldwide political scenery in the years after World War II (1945). This moment in history; taking all the way through the Cold War, may be seen as a lapse of severe ideological polarization

Health Care Reform Research Proposal Free Essays

Bailey 1 UNIV 4995 Senior Project Research Proposal September 23, 2010 Health Care Reform Benefits Everyone It feels good to be able to make a doctor’s appointment and get health screens or prescriptions as needed without the hassle of being rejected because lack of health insurance. I, unlike millions, am employed full time by a major company that has this option. A very close friend of mine, who is paralyzed from the waist down had been covered by his mother’s health insurance through her employer for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Reform Research Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Last year, she came of retirement age and the insurance company informed them that Jimmy will no longer be covered and need to seek other options. Until President Obama’s Health Care Reform Bill, Jimmy was denied coverage numerous times because of his â€Å"pre-existing conditions. † How could a country so rich, deny a person who needs medical insurance? We needed a change and this Bill was indeed the answer. The Health Care Reform Bill is much needed and relevant to society because it will extend health care to those with pre-existing conditions like those of Jimmy’s’. It will also extend coverage to seniors and make prescriptions more available to them. The Bill will also increase the age of coverage to young adults who are currently on their parents’ policies. There are much of Americas population who are uninformed or just do not approve of the Health Care Bill. Many may question the tax increase on citizens for Medicare or have questions Bailey 2 regarding the countries’ deficit. Some may ask, â€Å"Why is it fair to pay extra for people who smoke or people who are unhealthy? † And finally, many republicans, rich or wealthy Americans object this bill mostly because they feel they are taxed the hardest and are punished for being wealthy. With support for research, I will address all of these issues. With charts and data from the US Bureau of Statistics, I will retrieve information that will back facts that the Health Care Reform Bill will benefit our country more than it will hurt it. I will research articles and interviews from politicians and regular American citizens (wealthy, middle, and poor) to prove we are on the right track. Our country needs our support. I plan to visit local libraries to obtain reference information to give a more in-depth analysis on changes the bill has brought about. With the proper support, I can identify facts that the Pro’s definitely outweigh the Con’s. I am writing to all the Americans who do not support this bill and to Americans who are not informed of how important it is. I want to shed light on this subject and hopefully answer questions of people who are sketchy about politics in general. The burning question remains â€Å"How will the Health Care Reform Bill affect me? † My goal in this paper is to answer questions and inform â€Å"the people† that this bill will benefit us all and should be supported. How to cite Health Care Reform Research Proposal, Essays

Innovation Problem in Organization-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Describe what the innovation problem is that you are faced with in your Chosen company. Answer Introduction The report is prepared to assess the innovation problem faced within the business organization in Saudi Arabia and how it has managed to deal with that for ensuring successful business functioning. The innovation problem faced within Carrefour, which is selected as the case study here can create an impact on the establishment of a good culture as well. Due to innovation problem, the business performance may deteriorate as well as hinder the successful accomplishment of business objectives. The report will discuss about the innovation problem that Carrefour Saudi Arabia is facing and ways to resolve those issues too. Carrefour has 12 franchise-operated hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia, with five of those being in the capital Riyadh itself (carrefouruae.com, 2018). The innovation of the company includes opening a new store that provides digital solutions including m-commerce services to make the shopping experiences of the customers more convenient and flexible. Innovation problem faced with in the company There are various problems faced while enabling innovation within the business organization and due to this the organizational structure and way of managing the business operations also change. Due to this the workers of the company find it difficult to adapt to the changes and the business functioning also deteriorates. Few problems related to the innovation include lack of ability of employees to innovate due to improper leadership skills and poor support by the managers of the organization. The leaders also fail to keep the staffs motivated, because of which, the innovation outcomes may be inappropriate as well. With the innovation, changes were made and this had resulted in developing an app to make customers purchase products and services online (Katzy et al., 2013). One of the major problems was that the app was not working properly sometime, which not only created difficulties to purchase the products and the online app does not show all the available products that could be fo und at the stores of Carrefour. Another problem with innovation is that innovation is centralized to a particular functional group only, and due to this, the innovation procedures are time consuming. Having more functional groups can prevent any hindrance to the innovation pace and provide unique solutions to the problems faced by the customers. Lack of coordination and diversity also creates innovation problem and this can make the organization face risks while offering the new and innovative products in the market (Subramaniam, 2012). Innovation, if not measured or benchmarked could create difficulty to evaluate the key performable indicators and even generate new ideas required to generate greater value of innovation related approaches. With the appointment of a new CEO, certain approaches were undertaken to innovate the business operations and processes, though it brought some major problems for Carrefour. The new CEO tried to innovate by converting some of the hypermarkets of the company into franchises and even introducing some of the Sunday openings as well. The shares of the company reduced to more than thirty percent due to lesser revenue generation as well (Lorenz, 2015). Due to lack of leadership skills, the staffs were not empowered and kept motivated to perform efficiently by embracing the changes achieved through innovation within the organization. The employees were not motivated and encouraged properly to adapt to the changes, because of which they felt less motivated to innovate. Though innovation has been done like changes in organizational structure and culture, still the employees have been unable to access the necessary resources and even faced issues to cooperate with others within the workplace. The staffs were not trained, because of which, they were unable to create an app that could provide all the necessary services properly for improving the shopping experience of the clients. Carrefour operates over 12 franchise hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia and five of these are located at Riyadh (Kang, 2016). Innovation is something not similar to the invention and creativity; because the creativity and inventions are focused are solution centric whereas he innovations managed within the organization are considered as problem centric. Same has happened for Carrefour, where a new CEO is appointed who can enable changes and mange innovation with the focus on solving problems (carrefouruae.com, 2018). The innovators are focused on the issue with the own proposed solutions, because of which they may not create own ideas and concepts. Due to lack of proper leadership and managerial skills, there were conflicts and misunderstandings, which reduced the group thinking abilities and skills as well (Sloep, Berlanga Retalis, 2014). There was not a proper working condition as well, which created difficulties for the individuals to express themselves and deliver their ideas and opinions too. The innovation at Carrefour changed the organizational structure and a different culture was created, which ma ny of the staffs felt quite difficult to cope up with. The organizational policies were not in place too, which further resulted in forming an inappropriate culture where people could work. Innovation at Carrefour was managed by undertaking sustainable approaches, which increased the prices of certain products and services and left the customers unsatisfied (Urbancova, 2013). Relation between organizational culture and innovation Carrefour experienced a significant loss in business due to the recent changes made through innovation. Due to the innovation, a different organizational culture and structure was enabled, which created difficulties for many of the staffs to adjust with. Carrefour decided to create a diverse workforce consisting of people from different backgrounds and cultures, which resulted in improper communication process, which was furthermore facilitated by change in leadership and strategies. Many of the staffs even failed to accept the need for changes, which created insecurity and varied ambitions of people within the workplace (Lorenz, 2013). Due to the implementation of a new organizational structure, other problems faced were lack of communication, poor organizational hierarchy, due to which, the managers, employers and employees were confused regarding their new roles and responsibilities. The roles and responsibilities were not delegated properly to certain staffs and the cost incurred due to the innovation of organizational structure was huge as well. The company faced innovation problem because the shopping app developed to improve the online shopping experiences of the customers was not always working properly. It was due to the lack of skills and knowledge of the workers, due to which, they failed to cooperate with each other (OSullivan Dooley, 2012). Due to this, the organizational culture was not effective, which hindered the successful management of innovation at Carrefour. By maintaining a good culture within the organization, it could have been easier to OCAI instrument The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument or OCAI is utilized by Carrefour, Saudi Arabia to assess the organizational culture and make sure that the staffs perform to their potential for enabling innovation all throughout. This would not only make them adjust with the changes but would also allow them to work in coordination and as an unit through the establishment of a good culture within the workplace. The OCAI tool is used as an effective assessment tool for evaluating the organizational culture and desire for changes implemented through the various innovation procedures. The Competing Values framework and different culture types are used as important aspects related to the OCAI assessment tool (Camisn Villar-Lpez, 2014). Competing values framework The competing values framework consists of the four major quadrants including the collaborate, create, control and compete. The assessment tool is used for enabling flexibility and adaptability and furthermore allows the employees to consider the innovation as a positive outcome. The Collaborate quadrant could enable the staffs and employees of Carrefour to work in coordination and prioritize on the shared values. This would promote good communication between the workers and develop a positive work culture within the workplace. The Create quadrant would allow them to show their creative skills and foster innovation by aligning with the vision and objectives of Carrefour. The individuals working for Carrefour must be flexible to consider the changes and this could be supported by a positive culture for moving towards the future (Eeckelaert et al., 2012). The create quadrant would also allow the staffs to become creative and emphasize on the accomplishment of outcomes with ease. This c ould have facilitated the development of the online shopping app through the development of a compelling vision and generating new ideas for the future as well. The Compete quadrant focuses on the individuals who are concerned with the competition and achievement of goals and objectives by competing against each other (Ikramullah et al., 2016). The Compete quadrant would allow the individuals to speed up the management of business processes and obtain higher market share and ensure brand equity too. The control quadrant could enable clarification of roles and responsibilities of the worker at Carrefour, furthermore conduct researches and feasibility study to understand whether the innovation procedures would be beneficial or not (Vila, Perez Morillas, 2012). To improve the organizational effectiveness, the competing values framework helped in providing better stability, control and flexibility. It was also ensured that the employees work together in coordination to create a good culture and at the same time, achieved the positive results within quick time. There are different organizational culture types that are adopted by different organizations to create good working conditions and communication between the staffs to improve the business operations efficiency. Four quadrants are associated with the different cultures and values needed to be maintained within the organization (Vila, Prez Coll-Serrano, 2014). Figure: OCAI framework values related to culture (Vila, Prez Coll-Serrano, 2014) Organizational culture Because there were problems related to the innovation, so, the company wanted to focus on the major values including the flexibility, discretion, stability and control for assisting the employees to embrace the changes with ease. This could make the employees perform their roles and responsibilities together and furthermore discuss about the issues faced by communicating with each other. The organization desired for flexibility, better stability and control and to maintain these values, Carrefour should create a market culture or clan culture (Ovseiko Buchan, 2012). The clan culture was absent previously and if the company wants to maintain the values, then the development of a clan culture can create a good working environment and address the needs of the clients by promoting participation of employees, team working and consensus. The market culture should be created for gaining reputation and success by reaching the objectives fruitfully. Market penetration and stock management could be important aspects managed through the setting of proper prices and understanding how to make the online shopping experience more convenient and easy for the customers. However, for that, a proper app should be developed that could be assessed through revaluation of requirements of the customers and creating a platform where the employees could discuss about these matters properly (Belasen Rufer, 2013). This would overcome the innovation problems as well as make Carrefour less susceptible to changes, furthermore maintain flexibility, stability and control all t hroughout. Recommendations It is recommended conduct a feasibility study of the innovation procedures at first, because innovation itself is an effective way to overcome issues with ease. Carrefour should maintain a positive culture to create good working conditions and at the same time, facilitate team working and communication between the employees. Assessment of the performances of the workers is recommended for evaluating the areas of weaknesses and trains them to improve their skills, knowledge and expertise. To deal with the innovation problems, it would be important for the leaders and manager of Carrefour to keep the employees motivated by providing them with benefits and rewards It is also recommended to create a proper organizational structure where decentralization is possible for enhancing the efficiency of the business operations and ensure gaining the best outcomes from the innovation procedures. Conclusion The report explained the innovation issue faced by Carrefour in Saudi Arabia due to the lack of proper culture, poor communication and team working between the employees. The problem analyzed here was the implementation of the online shopping app to provide the customers with a better shopping experience. It was a major step to innovation undertaken by the organization, though the app was found to be not working at certain situations along with unavailability of all the products and services that were actually available at the stores. This was due to the lack of communication between the staffs and poor coordination among them, which deteriorated the culture and even hindered the successful management of business operations. This affected the innovation negatively, due to which, the OCAI framework was utilized to determine the culture that should be the most suitable for ensuring flexibility, stability and control at the company. The market and clan cultures were found to be effectiv e and it was also recommended to provide the organizational staffs with proper training sessions so that they could understand the importance of teamwork and create new ideas for innovating the products and services of Carrefour. References Belasen, A., Rufer, R. (2013). Innovation communication and inter-functional collaboration: a view from the competing values framework for corporate communication. InStrategy and Communication for Innovation(pp. 227-240). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Camisn, C., Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), 2891-2902. carrefouruae.com. (2018). Carrefouruae.com. Retrieved 28 February 2018, from https://www.carrefouruae.com/ Eeckelaert, L., Dhondt, S., Oeij, P., Pot, F. D., Nicolescu, G. I., Webster, J., Elsler, D. (2012).Review of workplace innovation and its relation with occupational safety and health. Bilbao: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Ikramullah, M., Van Prooijen, J. W., Iqbal, M. Z., Ul-Hassan, F. S. (2016). Effectiveness of performance appraisal: Developing a conceptual framework using competing values approach.Personnel Review,45(2), 334-352. Kang, S. W. (2016). Knowledge withholding: psychological hindrance to the innovation diffusion within an organisation.Knowledge Management Research Practice,14(1), 144-149. Katzy, B., Turgut, E., Holzmann, T., Sailer, K. (2013). Innovation intermediaries: a process view on open innovation coordination.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,25(3), 295-309. Lorenz, E. (2013). Innovation, work organisation and systems of social protection. Lorenz, E. (2015). Work organisation, forms of employee learning and labour market structure: accounting for international differences in workplace innovation.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,6(2), 437-466. OSullivan, D., Dooley, L. (2012). Collaborative innovation for the management of information technology resources. InProfessional Advancements and Management Trends in the IT Sector(pp. 207-222). IGI Global. Ovseiko, P. V., Buchan, A. M. (2012). Organizational culture in an academic health center: an exploratory study using a Competing Values Framework.Academic Medicine,87(6), 709-718. Sloep, P., Berlanga, A., Retalis, S. (2014). Introduction to the special issue on Web-2.0 technologies in support of team-based learning for innovation. Subramaniam, I. D. (2012). Determinant of innovative behavior in the workplace: A case study of a Malaysian public sector organisation.American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities,2(6). Urbancova, H. (2013). Competitive advantage achievement through innovation and knowledge.Journal of Competitiveness,5(1). Vila, L. E., Prez, P. J., Coll-Serrano, V. (2014). Innovation at the workplace: Do professional competencies matter?.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 752-757. Vila, L. E., Perez, P. J., Morillas, F. G. (2012). Higher education and the development of competencies for innovation in the workplace.Management Decision,50(9), 1634-1648.

Regenerative or reparative medicine Essays - Medicine, Biology

Regenerative or reparative medicine leukaemia : Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 :comparison between blood of normal person and other with leukemia Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It causes white blood cells (also called leukocytes) to develop abnormally. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and their main job is to defend the body against infection and disease. In most forms of acute leukaemia the body produces large numbers of abnormal white blood cells which look like immature cells called blasts. These leukaemic blasts accumulate in the bone marrow and suppress the formation of normal white blood cells. Leukaemias are grouped according to the severity of the disease (how fast it is growing) and the types of white blood cells affected: Acute leukaemias Chronic leukaemias There are also less common types and subtypes of leukaemia . Causes of leukaemia : Like most cancers, leukaemias are caused by a series of rare mutations (changes) in the genes inside certain cells. Occasionally, one of these mutations may be inherited and then the individual is predisposed to develop leukaemia . Other known causes include accidental exposure to radiation and treatment with some types of anti-cancer drugs. However, most leukaemias are caused by an accumulation of mutations that occur naturally - mistakes which happen during the production of new cells in the body. A large number of gene mutations have been linked to human leukaemias , but in most cases it is not yet known which ones really drive the disease. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is caused by a single genetic change but most other leukaemias appear to be more complicated and may involve combinations of mutations. Many types of leukaemia are thought to originate in blood stem cells, also called haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs are responsible for making new blood cells in our bodies all our lives. If a stem cell is affected by genetic changes, all the cells it produces will inherit the same mutation. It has been shown that CML starts with a particular mutation in HSCs. However, cells go through a number of steps to develop from HSCs into specialised cells such as white blood cells. Mutations might happen at any of these steps. For many leukaemias , a complex series of events is probably involved and it is not yet clear where the first important mutation occurs. Healthy blood stem cells which are used to treat leukaemia : Acute leukaemia usually requires immediate and intensive treatment. Depending on the particular type of leukaemia and many other things about the individual patient, treatment options might include chemotherapy, steroids or a more intensive procedure such as a haematopoietic stem cell transplant combined with high-dose chemotherapy. High-dose chemotherapy is the most effective currently established method to kill leukaemic cells and can cure some patients. However, it also severely damages the remaining normal blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. To replace these cells, patients are given a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The cells for the transplant can be collected from the blood or bone marrow of a healthy donor. In fact, the transplant includes not only HSCs, but also important immune cells that help to kill leukaemic cells. A patient's own cells can sometimes be used for the transplant, if it is possible to collect enough healthy cells before the treatment is performed. If a different donor is needed, they must match the patient's tissue type otherwise the transplanted donor cells will be attacked by the patient's immune system and rejected. HSCTs are particularly effective for treating certain types of acute leukaemia . However, the procedure is intensive and risky with the potential for substantial after effects. Therefore, this type of stem cell transplant is only considered when standard-dose chemotherapy fails to eradicate the disease. Recent developments and current research on haematopoietic stem cell treatments for leukaemia : The high dose of chemotherapy given to leukaemia patients before a transplant destroys both leukaemic cells and healthy bone marrow cells. Newer forms of transplantation called mini-allografts or reduced-intensity allografts have been developed to reduce the risk. These procedures allow lower doses of chemotherapy to be used, which helps avoid extensive damage to the bone marrow. Instead,

Free Essays on The Over- Commercialization Of Student Athletes

College athletes in this country are being over-commercialized right in front of us and they are not getting compensated in any way. Universities are using the cover of calling the athletes amateurs when in reality they are â€Å"big-time, big-money entertainment, with professional trappings, financed by a plantation mentality and slave labor† (Lyon par.3) and then the colleges say that the scholarship given to them is considerable reimbursement. The reality is that these athletes are going to school full-time and are essentially working-full time jobs for no pay. Not only that, but athletes can’t accept gifts of any kind, even if it is just something necessary like money for food or toiletries. These kids worked hard in high school to get these scholarships, but now that they have them, their lives are harder. Although a scholarship is a good way to recruit athletes to a school to make that school money, big time athletes who are being commercialized should be getting a share of the large sums of money that the schools and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are making. In 1997, star running back for Penn State, Curtis Enis was invited to a year-end award ceremony for his team to celebrate his 1,363 rushing yards and 19 touchdowns. In order to attend, however, he would need an outfit that he did not have money for . Since he is an athlete, he would not be allowed to have the clothes needed given to him as a helpful gesture. If he were a regular student, he could have accepted the clothes as a gift from anyone and no one would look twice. But he is an athlete who is held to a hypocritical double standard (Lyon par.2). If an athlete is lucky enough to even have time for a job, NCAA rules prohibit them from working a job that pay more that $2,000 a year (O’Toole par.9). That means they can make roughly $41 per week which is hardly enough to put gas in your car nowadays. The NCAA offers athletes some alternative forms... Free Essays on The Over- Commercialization Of Student Athletes Free Essays on The Over- Commercialization Of Student Athletes College athletes in this country are being over-commercialized right in front of us and they are not getting compensated in any way. Universities are using the cover of calling the athletes amateurs when in reality they are â€Å"big-time, big-money entertainment, with professional trappings, financed by a plantation mentality and slave labor† (Lyon par.3) and then the colleges say that the scholarship given to them is considerable reimbursement. The reality is that these athletes are going to school full-time and are essentially working-full time jobs for no pay. Not only that, but athletes can’t accept gifts of any kind, even if it is just something necessary like money for food or toiletries. These kids worked hard in high school to get these scholarships, but now that they have them, their lives are harder. Although a scholarship is a good way to recruit athletes to a school to make that school money, big time athletes who are being commercialized should be getting a share of the large sums of money that the schools and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are making. In 1997, star running back for Penn State, Curtis Enis was invited to a year-end award ceremony for his team to celebrate his 1,363 rushing yards and 19 touchdowns. In order to attend, however, he would need an outfit that he did not have money for . Since he is an athlete, he would not be allowed to have the clothes needed given to him as a helpful gesture. If he were a regular student, he could have accepted the clothes as a gift from anyone and no one would look twice. But he is an athlete who is held to a hypocritical double standard (Lyon par.2). If an athlete is lucky enough to even have time for a job, NCAA rules prohibit them from working a job that pay more that $2,000 a year (O’Toole par.9). That means they can make roughly $41 per week which is hardly enough to put gas in your car nowadays. The NCAA offers athletes some alternative forms...

2010 health care reform law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2010 health care reform law - Essay Example Without being included in the exception, an individual that must be under coverage and remains without health insurance, faces the fine of $95 per adult and $47.50 per child (up to $285 per family) or 1.0% of the family income, whichever is greater† for this year and the fine increases annually (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). This reiterates that information must be further disseminated and the need to encourage individual participation. The cooperation of employers is also an important aspect in the success of the program. They must be re-oriented of the policies contained in the law to aid them in choosing the best health insurance policy to implement. The dilemma of small employers and of those self-employed in higher income brackets who often wish to ignore it due to the financial burden it inflicts must be addressed. The tax credit system and the exchanges, federal or not, provide for choices that should keep them on track (Klein, 2012). Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014). The requirement to buy coverage under the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://kff.org/infographic/the-requirement-to-buy-coverage-under-the-affordable-care-act/ Klein, K.E. (2012, Oct. 4). What Obamacare means for small employers in 2013. Businessweek. Retrieved from

Employee rewards and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee rewards and management - Essay Example Having a well-motivated workforce may be equivalent to better work productivity and success in product salability in the market. Additional advantages are lower level of absenteeism and staff turnovers because the employees are satisfied with their work. This also means that training and recruitment costs are lowered because work positions are always reliably staffed (Dawson, 2009). In motivating and retaining good employees, it is important for management to establish a reward system to ensure that good performance is sustained. The Total Reward system is â€Å"the monetary and nonmonetary return provided to employees in exchange for their time, talents, efforts and results† (Christofferson and King, 2006). Total rewards involves the deliberate integration of key elements such as pay, benefits, learning and development and work environment (Brown, 2001) which all effectively attract, retain and motivate the talent required to achieve desired business results. In addition to t hese elements, Christofferson & King (2006) have added the elements of development and career opportunities which may be equivalent to Brown’s (2001) learning and development; performance and recognition and work-life balance which both belong under the work environment key of Brown’s (2001) framework. Figure 1. Christofferson & King’s Total Rewards Framework Key Elements: Pay The monetary component of the Total Rewards System which includes Base Pay, Annual Bonuses, Long term incentives, Shares and Profit sharing may serve as the most concrete reward an employee can hold, and is the most practical to use to meet his daily needs over time. Research has shown that pay satisfaction and the need for career growth are two of the most important predictors of job satisfaction (Gyanmudra and Vijaykumar, 2007). Individuals who are satisfied with the pay they get and the opportunities for professional advancement find that the costs of leaving their jobs would be greater so they develop positive attitudes towards their jobs and appreciate it for what it gives them. Benefits Receiving benefits such as pension, holidays, perks & flexibility of time may make an employee feel more accepted as part of the organization. Usually, it takes time before one can enjoy such benefits, and having proved oneself worth of such is adequately rewarded. Learning and Development Learning and development opportunities such as training, on the job learning, performance management, career development and succession planning may yield more long-term outcomes for both the employee and the organization. It increases the market value of the employee as he gets regularly updated about current trends in the business and be actively involved in contributing to its growth. Brown & Hunning (2010) claim if an employee adopts a learning goal orientation, he focuses on improving his abilities; a he is likely to have job satisfaction even if he is not intrinsically motivated. This is because of his intrinsic desire for the job due to the learning it brings him. Work Environment The work environment should also bring about rewards for the employee. This includes the organisation culture leadership, communications, involvement, worklife balance and non financial recognition. Maintaining positive work environments means having positive working

Methodologies of Microwave Amplifier Design

Methodologies of Microwave Amplifier Design 2.1 ACTIVE DEVICE SELECTION This chapter discusses various methodologies used in the design of single stage microwave amplifiers. Reaching the desired goals of gain, power loss and noise performance requires first selecting a suitable active device (transistor) that meets these goals. The rapid advances in transistor fabrication have permitted the traditional Si transistors to operate in the GHz re- gion. the increase for higher frequency operation drove the innovation of new novel devices with new materials, architectures and geometries Possibly the most significant difference be- tween microwave transistors and the lower frequency ones is in the area of materials. Although low-frequency transistors are fabricated mostly from silicon, the use more costly compound semiconductors like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP) proves to be more economical at microwave frequencies because of their performance advantages over silicon. The demand for higher frequencies also produced sophisticated material c onfigurations like the heterojunction transistors which have no low-frequency counterparts. At low frequencies, microwave transistors can be broadly categorized into: the bipolar junc- tion transistors (BJTs) and the field-effect transistors (FETs). At lower frequencies, FETs con- tains the junction FET (JFET) and the metal oxide FET (MOSFET), structural characteristics limits their high frequency operation. GaAs metal semiconductor FET pushed the frequency of operation well into the GHz region. However, in the intervening decades, bipolar device caught up and now it is common to find BJTs operating at the GHz region. The selection of a suitable transistor for the required application is based on the targeted goals of gain, noise and power loss performance. In the following sections, the GaAs HJ-FET transistor NE3210S01 from Renessa Electronics will be used to illustrate the various meth- ods for selecting the appropriate terminations used in constructing matching networks for both narrowband and wideband operation. 2.2 MATCHING NETWORKS TOPOLOGIES Impedance matching involves transforming one impedance to the other. This process is useful in circuits where the mismatch between the source (ZS) and load (ZL) prevents maximum power transfer. Theorem states that for a maximum transfer of power from source to load. Load impedance (ZL) must be equal to the complex conjugate of the source impedance. Complex conjugate is complex impedance having the same real part with an opposite imaginary one. For example, if the source impedance is ZS =R+jX, then its complex conjugate must be ZL =R-jX. For a pure resistive load, equations (2.1) and (2.2) aided with Fig.2.1 shows that a maximum 4 power transfer occurs when RL=RS. VO= VS L RL + RS RL (2.1) PO= V2 S(RL+ RS)2 (2.2) (a) (b) Figure 2.1: (a) Pure resistive circuit with VS=1V and RS=1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, (b) Maxim power is delivered to the load when RL=RS The same concept can be applied to AC circuits with complex load and source. Equation.2.3 aided with figure Fig.2.2 shows that a maximum power transfer to the load occurs when XL= XS. The value of the power delivered to the load is given by: 1|VS|2 RL PO= 2 (R + RL )2 + (XS + XL (2.3) )2 Where the resistance RS and RL and the reactants XS, XL are the real and imaginary parts of ZS and ZL. The target in applying impedance matching to make the load impedance look like the complex conjugate of the source impedance to attain maximum power transfer to the load. This is shown in Fig. where a matching circuit is placed between points a,b shown in Fig to transfer the load impedance to the complex conjugate value of the source impedance. Since we are dealing with reactances, which are frequency dependent, the matching can occur only at single frequency. That is the frequency at whichXL= Xand, thus, cancellation or resonance occurs. At the surrounding frequencies, the matching becomes worse. This is the main problem in broadband matching where perfect or near perfect matching along the required bandwidth is required. The methods for narraowband and wideband matching is presented later in this chapter. In Fig.2.3b, numerous topologies can be used as a matching network. The shape of the topology can vary from a simple L, Ï€or T networks to a complex ladder circuit or filter design. The concept of matching network can be explained using the two simple L-Matching topologies shown in Fig.2.4a,2.4b. Both B and X values in Fig.2.4 must be chosen to satisfy the condition ZL=ZS*. To achieve this condition, both analytical methods, mostly with the aid of a computer, and graphical procedures, using the Smithchart, can be used. (a) (b)(c) Figure 2.2: (a) AC circuit with complex ZS and ZS, (b) For XS=j5, Maxim power is delivered to the load when XL=-j5 (c) For XS=-j5, Maxim power is delivered to the load when XL=j5 For the case of RL  ¿ Ro, the topology of Fig.2.4a is preferred, where B and X are given by:   RL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   22 XL ± B= ZoRL+ XL−ZoRL (2.4) R22 L+ XL X= BZoRL−XL 1 − BXL (2.5) For the condition of RL ¡Ro the topology of Fig.2.4b is used with B and X given by: 1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zo−RL B=  ± oL (2.6) X=  ±Ã‚   RL(Zo−RL) −XL(2.7) In both topologies of Fig.2.4, B and X represent either an inductor (L) or capacitor (C). The result is four simple L-matching networks as shown in Fig.2.5. (b) Figure 2.3: (a)Circuit before the matching network(b) Circit after adding the matching network. (a)(b) Figure 2.4: L-Matching topologies, a) used when RL  ¿ Ro, b) used when RL  ¡ Ro 2.3 NARROWBAND DESIGN METHODOLOGIES Analytical Solution Graphical Solution CAD Solution WIDEBAND DESIGN METHODOLOGIES Analytical Solution Graphical Solution CAD Solution (b) (c)(d) Figure 2.5: Four basic L-matching Networks

Introduction to Philosophy Essay

1. What are the main branches of philosophy? Do philosophers have the same answers to the same philosophical questions? Why? Philosophy is a way of thinking about the big questions in life, from the existence of men to its morality. It is an activity which sharpens our reason. The word was coined by Greeks , meaning â€Å"the love of wisdom†. Philosophy can be divided into six big issues it is interested with. * First, the question about the nature of the world and the existence of Men which is under the domain of Metaphysics or also called Ontology. From the word â€Å"meta† which means beyond and â€Å"physics† which means physical it deals about beyond physical world- the spiritual. It also attempt to answer the ultimate reality of life, our reason of very existence, Who and what God is and, how everything relates to it. * Second, what are the right ways to think and build arguments which is under the field of Logic. It tries to distinguish the valid reasons from the fallacies. It also examines the different general forms that argument may take. It is primarily studied in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and science. * Third, How do we know and how do we think we know which is under the area of Epistemology. From the Greek words †episteme† which means knowledge and â€Å"logia† which means study, it basically deals on how do we acquire knowledge and what is the basis for true knowledge. * Fourth, Ethics which generally centers on the morality of our actions. It differentiates wrong from right and studies character’s actions based in his intentions. This field of Philosophy is vital and applied to other disciplines such as business, medicine, science, robotics, and education. * Fifth, Issues about laws, liberty, rights, property and , politics fall under the Political Philosophy. It is also one of the sub-fields of Political Science. Its purpose is to lay bare the fundamental problems and concepts which frames the study of Politics. It also studies the great thinkers of the past which shapes politics such as Socrates, Plato, Adam Smith and Hobbes. * Lastly, Aesthetics which deals on what is beautiful. Mainly it tries to answer questions which deals in art- music, painting, poetry, and such. It attempts to distinguish what is beautiful, what has taste, and what has artistic value. Philosophy can also be subdivided into three specific categories which are, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophy of Science. These are branches which deal to questions their respective field of subject matters such as what exactly is a mind? how does language work? and Does science has responsibility to humanity? An Educator can ask a question to his students and would receive different responses . We can even expect complex answers to a simple question. It is because people view things in different perspectives, have different degree of intelligence, exposed to different environment, influenced by different people and ideas, and have personal insights and experiences which differ from one person to another. People thoughts varies and no idea can be of an exact match of another. In my opinion, Humans’ mind are like his fingerprint, We all have our fingerprints but its design- the curves and lines is unique in each individual. There might be similarities in ideas between individuals but in some point they contradict. For example, the two famous philosophers, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both support the â€Å"Social Contract Theory† in which men enter a mutual agreement to surrender some of their liberty to authority in return of protection, both also, believe that men can exist without government and speak of its dangers in this kind of state-State of Nature. For Hobbes, the entire time that man is in a state of nature, he is in a state of war. He states that â€Å"if any two men cannot enjoy the same thing, they become enemies and in the way to their end†¦. endeavor to destroy or subdue one another† (Wootton, 158). Locke too points out risks, saying that without the â€Å"law of nature† everyone may execute decisions, leading to a state of war (Wootton, 290). However, despite of the similarities, Locke believes that people enter to social contract to seek peace and avoid the fear of death and living in State of Nature is brutish and chaotic while Hobbes believes that State of Nature is important and do exist in some ways such as among governments and leaders. Locke’s view on State of Nature is pessimistic in contrast to Hobbes which he thinks has some potential benefits. Philosophers do not have the same answer to a certain question. Each philosopher present different examples and take different stand on a certain idea. 2. Why has philosophy lost importance in the priorities of contemporary man? Philosophy had the paramount role during the ancient education. It created great and wise thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and, Seneca and influenced bright minds such as Descartes, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx. Although the subject Philosophy is only introduce in higher level of studies in modern years, it diffuses its idea and being applied to core subjects such as mathematics, science, and language. Philosophy is still vital in learning until today. The decreasing value given in philosophy arises in the way modern man receive and gather information. Core subjects like Science should teach us to Inquire, to Analyze, to Think, and to Search- which are roles of philosophy but, Educators and with the convenience at reach, Students are being spoon-fed with facts from books and other resource materials instead of encouraging them to explore. They are bound with rules and regulations without giving them a chance to ask why they should follow orders. Students fail to analyze things because most Educators present facts and inculcate it to them through rote memorization instead of validating it. Learners learn facts but never learn to reason. They become man of knowledge but never become man of substance. The decreasing importance of philosophy in modern days is ascribed partly, to us Educators for failing to emphasize and apply its essence to the students. We teach the students to be dependent on the facts provided in books and internet, for we believe that it offers a vast amount of information forgetting that one’s mind can offer limitless insights on a certain topic. 3. Why should philosophy be restored to its former prominence in the priorities of contemporary man? Philosophy is vital in man’s learning and improvement. Giving answers to man’s most perplexed questions or even to the simplest question that bother us gives us sense of satisfaction and purpose in life. In modern times, Philosophy is essential in choosing decisions that has impact on our future such as career path, religion, core beliefs, and even to work or business. Philosophy should never be undermine and be restricted to as a mere subject. It is a way of thinking and essential in making a wise decision hence, should be integrated in daily living. 4. How does western philosophy differ from the eastern? In General, Western Philosophy promotes individualism and more interested in finding and validating the truth while Eastern Philosophy is more interested in finding the balance within one’s self in order to live in harmony with others and thus promoting collectivism. Also, East philosophy which emerged in China is spiritual in nature as opposed to West which starts from Greece is naturalistic and subject to research. Individualism of the West gives meaning to the worth a person as an individual. It gives stress on liberty and self-reliance. â€Å"Man is directly a natural being. As a natural being and as a living natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers — he is an active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities — as instincts. On the other hand, as a natural, corporeal, sensuous objective being he is a suffering, conditioned and limited creature, like animals and plants. †¦ A being which does not have its nature outside itself is not a natural being, and plays no part in the system of nature. A being which has no object outside itself is not an objective being. â€Å" Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy in General (1844) â€Å"Self-expression is individuality, and our individuality is our self, which ought to be our chief concern† Ernest Dimnet (1928) The Art of Thinking p. 250 â€Å"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. † Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or, Life in the Woods (1854), chapter 18, p. 210. Collectivism of the East emphasizes the interdependence of individual among others. â€Å"If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself. † â€Å"Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts? † Confucius â€Å"A leader is best when people barely know he exists, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will say: we did it ourselves. † â€Å"Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage. † Lao Tzu â€Å"The highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence. † Rabindranath Tagore.

Summer Sport Camp at State University

14th MANCO Linear Programming Approach for Irrigation Scheduling – A case Study H. MD. AZAMATHULLA, Senior Lecturer, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; email: [email  protected] usm. my, [email  protected] com (author for correspondence) AMINUDDIN AB GHANI, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [email  protected] usm. my NOR AZAZI ZAKARIA, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [email  protected] usm. my CHANG CHUN KIAT, Science Officer, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [email  protected] sm. my Abstract There is an increasing awareness among irrigation planners and engineers to design and operate reservoir systems for maximum efficiency to maximize their benefits. Accordingly, significant work has been done on reservoir operation for known total irrigation demand and on the optimal allocation of water available to c rops at the farm level. Very few studies have been conducted to derive optimal reservoir operation policies integrating the reservoir operation with the on-farm utilisation of water by the various crops.This present paper deals with the development of model — Linear Programming (LP) — to be applied to real-time reservoir operation in an existing Chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India. Keywords: Cropping pattern, Water resource management, Irrigation management, Optimization 1. Introduction In most developing countries, a huge share of the limited budget goes to creating facilities for irrigation. Construction of reservoirs requires very high investment and also causes socioeconomic and environmental issues.Water in the reservoir has multiple claimants and needs to be optimally utilized to generate maximum benefits through proper operation, which must remain consistent despite uncertain future inflows and demands. According to the World Commission on Dams, ma ny large storage projects worldwide are failing to produce the anticipated benefits (Labadie, 2004). Similarly, small storage projects made for local areas in developing countries, like India, are also failing to meet expectations.The main cause identified at various levels of discussion, as reported by Labadie (2004), is inadequate consideration of the more mundane operation and maintenance issues once the project is completed. For existing reservoirs, optimum operation is critical, since all the expected benefits are based on timely water releases to meet the stipulated demand. Real-time operation of a reservoir requires making relatively quick decisions regarding releases based on short-term information. Decisions are dependant on the storage in the reservoir and information available in the form of forecast hydrologic and meteorological parameters.This is especially important during floods and power generation, where the system has to respond to changes very quickly and may need to adapt rapidly (Mohan et al. 1991). For reservoir systems operated for irrigation scheduling, real-time operation is not very common because of longer decision steps. Traditionally, the reservoirs meant for irrigation purposes are operated on heuristics and certain rules derived from previous experiences. This defies the concept of water-management; much of the water is lost, which in turn leads to loss of revenue.In the early 1960s, mathematical programming techniques became popular for reservoir planning and operation; pertinent literature is available. An excellent review of the topic is given by Yeh (1985), followed by Labadie (2004) and Wurbs (1993). Along with simulation studies, Linear Programming (LP), Dynamic Programming (DP) and Non Linear Programming (NLP) are the most popular modelling techniques. A comparative study on the applicability and computational difficulties of these models is presented by Mujumdar and Narulkar (1993).Many of the aforementioned techniques ha ve been implemented in realistic scenarios, and many reservoir systems worldwide are operated based on the decision rules generated from these techniques. However, there exists a gap between theory and practice, and full implementation has not been achieved yet (Labadie, 2004). 1 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The basic difficulty a reservoir manager faces is to take a real-time optimum decision regarding releases according to the future demand and inflow. This leads to the problem of optimization of the stochastic domain.Two approaches of stochastic optimization are practised: i) Explicit Stochastic Optimization (ESO), which works on probabilistic descriptors of random inputs directly and ii) Implicit Stochastic Optimization (ISO), which is based on historical, generated or forecasted values of the inputs through the use of Time Series Analysis or other Probabilistic approaches. The ESO approach has computational difficulties; ISO methods are simple, but require an addition al forecasting model for real time operation. In the case of irrigation reservoirs, decision making at the reservoir level depends upon the water demand arising at the field level.In order to operate the reservoir in the best possible way, it becomes imperative to understand the processes occurring in the crop-soil-water-atmosphere system. This helps not only in the estimation of accurate demands, but also ensures optimum utilisation of water. If the processes at the field level are also modelled properly and integrated with the reservoir level model, the goal of water management can be achieved in the best possible way. Dudley et al. (1971) pioneered the integration of the systems in the determination of optimal irrigation timing under limited water supply using a Stochastic DP model.Dudley and his associates then improved the model (Dudley and Burt, 1973; Dudley, 1988; Dudley and Musgrave, 1993). Vedula and Mujumdar (1992, 1993) and Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) have also contrib uted to this area. Their approach was to derive a steady state reservoir operation policy while maximizing the annual crop yield. DP-SDP and LP-SDP were used in the modelling. However, for real-time reservoir operation, Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) stressed the need to forecast inflows and rainfall in the current season to implement the steady state operation policy.As a result, the ESO model has to be supplemented with an ISO model to get a policy for the current period. As an extension to the work of Vedula and Mujumdar (1992), a significant contribution to the real-time reservoir approach was presented by Mujumdar and Ramesh (1997). They addressed the issue of short term real-time reservoir operation by forecasting the inflow for the current period, a crop production state variable and a soil moisture state variable. Their work was based on SDP, but had all the limitations of SDP regarding the curse of dimensionality.Against this background, a model for the derivation of real-t ime optimal operating policy for a reservoir under a multiple crop scenario is proposed in the present study. The primary issue is that the reservoir gets inflows during the wet season (monsoon season) and is operated for irrigation in the dry season (non-monsoon season). The reservoir storage and the soil moisture level are considered to be the principal state variables, and the irrigation depths are the decision variables.An optimal allocation model is embedded in the integrated model to evaluate the irrigation water depth supplied to different crops whenever a competition for water exists amongst various crops. The model also serves as an irrigation-scheduling model because it specifies the amount of irrigation for any given fortnight. The impact on crop yield due to water deficits and the effect of soil moisture dynamics on crop water requirements are taken into account. Moreover, a root growth model is adopted to consider the effects of varying root depths on moisture transfer. The only stochastic element in the season is the evapotranspiration. The handling of stochasticity has been accomplished through dependability based forecasting in an ISO model. The rest of the variables, such as soil moisture status and the reservoir storage status, at the beginning of any period are considered to be state variables. The basic formulation is based on a LP model and is later transformed into a GA framework. 2. The Model Formulation and Concept The real-time operation model proposed in the present study integrates the reservoir level and a field level decision (Figure 3).It considers the soil-moisture status and the reservoir storage as the state variables and the applied irrigation depths as decision variables. The formulation is based on the conceptual model for soil moisture accounting and the reservoir storage continuity relationships. A major emphasis is laid on maintaining soil moisture in a state such that the evapotranspiration from the crops takes place at a rate that achieves better results in the form of increased yields from the crops. To assess the timing of irrigation water application, the soil moisture status of the crop is an important parameter.Whenever the soil moisture status approaches a critical limit, irrigation is applied. Thus, the soil moisture status is monitored either by physical measurement or through soil moisture models. Soil moisture models are more popular since they do not require a lot of instrumentation to be installed in the field. Soil moisture models can be formulated either by a physical approach (Fedders et al. , 1978) or a conceptual approach (Rao, 1987). The conceptual approach has been used by Rao et al. (1988), Rao et al. (1990) and 2 14th MANCO Hajilal et al. (1998) for the problem of irrigation scheduling.Vedula and Mujumdar (1992) utilised the conceptual model in their study. The same concept is adopted in the present study. Figure 3 Flow chart of real-time operation of reservoir 3 14 & 15 Februa ry 2009 Kuching, Sarawak 3. The Conceptual Model In the conceptual model for the Crop-Soil-Water-Atmosphere (CSWA) system, the basic assumption is that the soil acts as a reservoir, the main inputs to the reservoir are rainfall irrigation, and the main outputs are evapotranspiration, percolation and drainage. The extent of the reservoir is considered to be up to the effective root zone at the particular time.The soil water reservoir is governed by a continuity equation: ? ik +1 ED ik +1 ? ? ik ED ik ? IRR ik + AET i k = RF k (1) The conceptual model stated by Eq. 1 is used to compute the irrigation to be applied for the LP model with area as a decision variable. The following parameters are important for the conceptual model. Figure 1 shows the sketch for the conceptual reservoir. In the context of the conceptual model two parameters are important: IRRk RFk AETk EDk ?k Figure 1 Conceptual model Variation of Evapotranspiration with the Available Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration as a function of the available soil moisture is expressed as: kAETi k = PETi k if aai ? Zww (2) or AETi k = k aai PETi k Zww where AETi k (3) is the actual evapotranspiration that has occurred from crop i in fortnight k (mm), PETi k is the potential evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm), Zww is the critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) = (Zf? Zw) d, Zf is the field capacity for the soil (mm/cm), Zw is the permanent wilting k point for the soil (mm/cm), d is the depletion factor and assumed to be 0. 5 in the present study, and a ai is the average available soil moisture over a fortnight (mm/cm). The average available soil moisture over a fortnight is given by ik + aik +1 a= 2. 0 k ai where otherwise aik = ? ik ? Zw if aik < Zww aik = Zww k +1 A similar expression can be used for ai . 4 14th MANCO Root Zone Depth Growth The root depth data in relation to the time stages are prepared according to the Linear Root Growth Model (adopted by Narulkar, 1995). The model assumes that maximum root depth is achieved at the start of the yield formation stage. It remains at the maximum depth until the maturity stage. A minimum depth of 15 cm is considered in the first fortnight to account for the conditions of bare soil and an area with sparse crops.The root depth model is shown in Figure 2. Life span of group Growth stages of group V F G Root Depth Max. Depth Figure 2 Root Depth growth model Relative Yield Ratio The yield of a crop is affected by water deficits and the rate of evapotranspiration. The rate of evapotranspiration tends to decrease depending on the available moisture content. There are many methods to model the phenomenon. However, the model used in the present study is the most commonly-adopted model. The relative yields are computed on the basis of the expression given by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979) YaiAETi k ? k? = 1 ? Ky ? 1 ? ? PET k ? ? Ymi i? ? (4) Equation (4) gives a yield ratio for a single period only. However, the aggregate ef fect of moisture deficits over all fortnights of crop growth is also evaluated. The final yield ratios computed for the crop during various time periods of a season is computed by a multiplicative model (Rao et al. , 1990). The determination of the yield ratio is very important since they reflect the operation policy for an irrigation system. The expression is given by ? AETi k Yai ncr ? = ? ?1 ? Ky k ? 1 ? ? PET k ? Ymi i =1 ? i ? (5)Water Requirements of the Crops The model derived for an optimal crop pattern uses predetermined irrigation demands. On the basis of this, the optimisation model selects an appropriate area for an individual crop. The irrigation demands are determined using the conceptual model stated in Eq. 1. The irrigation requirements may be calculated by substituting a value of critical soil moisture content instead of soil moisture in either of the fortnights k and k+1 and replacing the values of actual evapotranspiration by potential evapotranspiration and re arranging the terms of Eq. : ( ) IRRik = ? cr EDik +1 ? EDik + PETi k (6) 5 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak where ? cr is the critical soil moisture content below which the actual evapotranspiration may fall below the potential rate. 4. Integrated LP Formulation In the objective function, the weighted sum of all the actual evapotranspiration values is maximised. The weights are assigned according to the yield response factors for individual crops in individual periods. The objective is to maximise the actual evpotranspiration rate to minimise the deficits in the yields.The available soil moisture in any time period in the objective function is indirectly maximised: ncr np ? a k + aik +1 ? Ky k MaxZ = ? ? ? i ? 2. 0 ? Zww i =1 k =1 ? (7) subject to the following constraints: 1. Soil moisture continuity ? aik + aik +1 ? PET = RF k ? 2. 0 ? Zww ? ? ik +1 EDik +1 ? ? ik EDik ? IRRik + ? (8) ? ik +1 ? aik +1 ? bik +1 = ZW (9) where with physical bounds ? ik +1 ? 4. 0 a 2. k +1 i ( 10) ? 0. 9 (11) Reservoir continuity ncr A k S k +1 ? B k S k + ? i =1 S k +1 ? 31. 1 5. IRRik * AREAik = ? ID ? Ao RE k Eff (Maximum Reservoir Capacity M m3) (12) (13) Crop Simulation ModelThe optimisation model presented above yields some irrigation depth values that are based on forecasted values for the reference evapotranspiration. This reference evapotranspiration, in turn, is based on a dependability model. However, the actual evapotranspiration value differs from these values, and thus, before going into the next fortnight, the soil moisture status must be updated with the applied irrigation and actual climatic factors. The formulation for crop simulation is as follows: First compute the final soil moisture with the following relation ? ik = (? ik +1 EDik +1 + IRRik ?Fkcik APET k + ARF k ) / EDik If (14) ? ik +1 < 3. 1 ?k ? Fkcik +1 APET k +1 Fkcik +1 APET k +1 ZW + ARF k +1 ? ? i EDik + IRRik +1 ? + ? 2. 0 2. 0 ? EDik +1? ik +1 = ? k +1 k +1 Fkci APET EDik +1 2. 0 ( ) (15) or 6 14th MANCO ? ? ik = ? ik ? 1 ? EDik ? 1 ? ? Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET + Zw + ARF k + IRRik ? ? EDik ? 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 ? (16) or ? k ? 1 ? k ? 1 Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET ? k k ? ? = i ? EDi ? Zw? ? ? EDi ? ? + IRRi + ? ? 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 ? ? ? ? k i (17) The computed soil moisture status of the crops is used in the next fortnight to compute the demand. . Stochastic Analysis of Evapotranspiration It was previously stated that the data regarding the climatic factors is uncertain in nature and the determination of these factors beforehand is impossible. However, there is a general trend to assume the expected values for these factors and carry out the operation. The concept does not give a clear picture of the actual scenario and the appropriate weights for the individual growth stage of the crops are not assigned. The present study proposes a different method of forecasting the expected values for the climatic factors.The method of analysis starts with the co mputations of dependability values of reference evapotranspiration factors from the available data. The dependability of realisation of any stochastic variable is defined as the probability of equalling or exceeding that variable with a particular value. Mathematically, P(x ? X ) (18) where P (. ) is the probability and x is the variable under consideration and X is a stipulated value of the variable. A traditional method of estimation of the dependability value is the use of standard frequency formulae (e. . Wiebull’s formula or Hazen’s formula). In the present study, a detailed probability analysis for the data is performed. The data is fitted to a standard probability distribution and the best fitting distribution is tested through the Kolmogorov Smirnov Test (Haan, 1977). Once the values corresponding to different dependabilities are evaluated, dependability values for reference evapotranspiration are assumed to be different in different growth stages. The analysis is performed on the basis of the yield response factor.A high yield response factor signifies greater sensitivity towards the deficits, and thus, a higher level of dependability is assumed for the evapotranspiration data and a lower level of dependability is assumed for the rainfall data. This will ensure a higher value of irrigation required for the crop in the sensitive period. As a result, the crop will be safeguarded against any poor moisture content conditions. 7. LP Model Formulation for Optimal Cropping Pattern At the start of each dry season, depending on the storage volume in the reservoir, the crop pattern must be determined.To evaluate the crop pattern, another LP model is used. In this model, irrigation depths are calculated from Eq. (6). The formulation is as follows: The objective function is MaxZ = C1 X1+ C2 X2+ C3 X3 (19) which is subject to the following constraints: 1. Total available area X1+X2+X3? A (20) where X1, X2, and X3 are the decision variables related to the area of individual crops;C1, C2, and C3 are the cost coefficient for each crop in Indian Rupees (1 US $ = 50 INR); and A is the maximum area available for irrigation. 2.Area of each individual crop: 7 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The area under each crop is required to be constrained; thus, there are lower and upper bounds on the area under each crop. The lower bounds indicate the minimum area that can be allocated to a crop, while the upper bound indicates the maximum. In the present study, the lower bounds were defined for all the crops except cash crops, while the upper bounds were defined considering the present cropping pattern. The constraints can be expressed as Li? Xi? Mi (21) here Li corresponds to the lower bound of the area for the ith crop and Mi corresponds to the upper bound on the area of the ith crop. 8. Model Application The developed models were applied to the Chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India (Latitude 23o23’ N and Longitude 7 6o18’ E). In the central part of India, many reservoir projects have been constructed for irrigation, but no irrigation is available from these reservoirs during the monsoon period (from June to September). The area receives about 90 to 95 % of its rainfall during the Monsoon season. The rainfall then becomes runoff to the reservoirs.These reservoirs are designed to contain the runoff in the monsoon season, but there is no runoff during non-monsoon months. The present formulations are specially suited for these types of reservoirs. Non-monsoon rainfall is rare and provides little runoff. A systematic data base was prepared for the various physical features of the reservoirs, including the meteorological and hydrological data such as evapotransiration, details of crops in the command area, details of net returns from individual crops and soil properties collected from the College of Agriculture, Indore, India. . Results and Discussion Optimum Crop Pattern A separate computer p rogram was run before the real time operation program to determine the optimum crop pattern for all possible storage values. The results of the optimum crop pattern are stated in Table 1. The results indicate that from a storage level of 31. 10 M m3 to a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the cropping pattern is same as the one that has been adopted in the project formulation. However, below a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the crop pattern changes suddenly, and wheat (ordinary) is not recommended by the model.The area of wheat (hybrid) also gets reduced when the rainfall storage is below this level. However, the area for Gram is full, up to a storage level of 15. 83 M m3. The change in cropping pattern indicates that efficient water usage is maintained. Table 1 Optimum Cropping Pattern for Different Live Storage Values Area (ha) for different crops Live storage (M m3) Wheat (ordinary) Gram Wheat (hybrid) 4. 3230 342. 910 120. 00 8. 2379 427. 580 500. 00 12. 3246 15. 8632 20. 7581 26. 098 6 28. 8610 30. 1250 31. 1000 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 1084. 015 1100. 000 1100. 00 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 500. 00 855. 00 1434. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 Results from Real-Time Operation Model The real-time operation model gives an optimal operating policy for the available storage in the present fortnight considering the future. The model also yields the values of irrigation to be applied to individual crops in the fields. In the wake of deficient water supplies, the model distributes the available water over the time for different crops optimally. The sample results of the present model are stated in Table 2.The available moisture to the crops is not affected, and generally the soil remains at the upper limit of the available soil-moisture. This 8 14th MANCO is because the crop pattern is predicted according to the availability of the storage in the reservoir. The results are indicative of successful application of the real-time operation strategy proposed in the present work. Table 2 Sample Results Showing the Soil Moisture, Available Soil Moisture, Storage, and Irrigation to be applied for Different Crops for a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model (LP) Live Storage in the Reservoir 31. 1 M m3 FORTNIGHTPARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Reservoir Storage (M m3 ) 29. 28 28. 17 26. 30 22. 22 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm) 3. 76 3. 89 3. 84 3. 07 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 9 0. 9 0. 87 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 53. 62 90. 63 92. 87 36. 04 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm 3. 90 3. 07 3. 28 3. 15 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 87 0. 9 0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 68. 76 22. 27 60. 67 41. 59 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm — – 4. 00 2) Available soil Moisture —0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) — – 94. 21 19. 68 14. 64 10. 87 Wheat (ordinary) 3. 54 3. 30 3. 22 0. 9 . 9 0. 9 5. 62 4. 24 3. 63 3. 60 3. 17 0. 9 4. 0 0. 9 – -. — — 163. 9 8. 44 23. 02 GR AM 3. 28 3. 66 0. 9 0. 9 19. 94 102. 6 — — 3. 23 0. 9 3. 47 0. 9 — — 37. 64 53. 15 Wheat (hybrid) 3. 06 3. 48 3. 32 0. 86 0. 9 0. 9 0. 00 33. 17 — — 3. 28 0. 9 3. 38 0. 9 3. 18 0. 9 3. 19 0. 9 37. 19 162. 9 0. 00 36. 09 0. 0 3. 4 0. 9 26. 96 127. 9 78. 89 Relative Yield Ratios Relative yield ratios computed for different crops at different live storage values are shown in Table 3. The relative yield ratios for all the crops become one if live storage in the reservoir is equal to or greater than 28. 9 M m3. The GA model is found to be better for application in real world operation of the reservoir. Table 3 Relative Yield Ratio for Different Live Storage Values Computed With a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model Relative yield ratio for Live different crops storage LP (M m3 ) Wheat Gram Wheat (hybrid) (ordinary) 4. 3230 0. 9677 1. 000 8. 2362 0. 9083 1. 000 12. 3246 0. 9576 1. 000 – 0. 989 1. 000 20. 7581 26. 0986 1. 000 0. 987 0. 987 0 . 911 0. 952 28. 8610 1. 000 0. 987 1. 000 30. 1250 31. 1000 10. – 15. 8632 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 ConclusionA real-time model using an integrated Linear Programming Model for a reservoir system meant for irrigation has been developed in the present study to obtain an optimal reservoir operating policy that incorporates field level decisions, while also deciding the appropriate time and amount of water to release from the reservoir. 9 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak From the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: The developed model can be successfully applied to irrigation supporting reservoir systems. Furthermore, the models ensure an optimum reservoir release over different time periods.In addition, they also ensure optimum allocation of the available water over the different crops in the fields. While allocating the water to different crops in the fields, the model takes into account the critical growth stages of the crops and allocate s sufficient water to each crop to safeguard it against any ill effects of water deficits. The optimum crop pattern model used in the study will only allow productive irrigation, so the amount of wasted water is reduced. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express sincere thanks to Universiti Sains Malaysia for the financial support of this work.Nomenclature AETi k k Actual evapotranspiration in period k from crop i (mm) APET ARFk Ak and BK Ao d Actually occurring potential evapotranspiration in period k (mm) Actual rainfall value in the fortnight k Constants relating the storage to reservoir evaporation Area of spread at dead storage level Depletion factor EDik Effective root zone depth of a crop i in period k (cm) k +1 i ED Effective root zone depth of a crop i in period k+1 (cm) Eff Fkcik ID Overall efficiency Crop evapotranspiration coefficient Industrial supply from the reservoir (mandatory release) IRRikIrrigation applied to crop i in stage k (mm) k Ky Yield response fa ctors for a crop i in period k PETi k RE RF k Potential evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm) Rate of evaporation in fortnight k k Sk Sk+1 Zf Zw Zww Rainfall in period k (mm) Reservoir storage at the beginning of period k Reservoir storage at the end of period k Field capacity for the soil (mm/cm) Permanent wilting point for the soil (mm/cm) Critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) ? ik ? ik +1 Final soil moisture in a particular time stage k for a particular crop i (mm/cm) Yai Ymi Actual crop yield Maximum crop yieldInitial soil moisture in the time stage k in for a crop i (mm/cm) 10 14th MANCO References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 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